Which statement best describes the relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer risk?

• A. HPV infection increases risk of cervical cancer
• B. HPV infection is unrelated to cervical cancer
• C. Pap smear is unnecessary if HPV is present
• D. Cervical cancer risk is unaffected by HPV

Answer: (C)

HPV infection, especially with high-risk types, is the main driver of cervical cancer risk because persistent infection can cause cellular changes that progress from precancerous lesions to cancer. The viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 interfere with cell cycle control, leading to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and, if not detected or treated, potential progression to invasive cancer. Pap smear screening detects these cellular abnormalities, so screening remains essential even when HPV is present. In practice, HPV testing and cervical cytology work together; a positive HPV result flags higher risk and guides follow-up, but it does not eliminate the need to assess cervical cells with cytology and, if indicated, perform colposcopy. Cervical cancer risk is indeed linked to HPV infection, particularly when the infection is persistent.